I. Current development of new energy vehicles in China
As the world increasingly serious environmental pollution and energy shortages gradually begun to address global environmental issues and energy, while the automobile industry is caused by energy consumption and environmental pollution in key industries.inspiron 2650 battery , Motor vehicles consume 85% of domestic production of oil, while a large number of car use is pollution of harmful exhaust gases. How to reduce cars on oil consumption and pollution problems of the environment in the long term, the final solution does not limit the development of the automotive industry, but to find alternatives to oil, develop new vehicles energies.
Back in the early eighties our research and development of electric vehicles has been launched. 2000, countries have developed a “15″ economic development plan, enacted the “Automotive Industry Policy” to compel the auto industry in the “Tenth Five Year Plan, explicitly emphasized the” promotion of electric vehicles, hybrids research and development, accelerate to promote the use of vehicles to alternative fuel to promote the automobile industry by leaps and bounds. “In recent years, cars BYD, Chery, FAW, Changan, SAIC, Dongfeng, hippocampus, Geely and other brands have increased the prices of hybrid cars and electric vehicles to promote the field of speed, with a view to account for competition in future opportunities.
To develop new energy vehicles in question, our government has made grants and tax breaks, preferential policies, the next three years, the government will invest 100 billion to support the development of new energy vehicles and the technological innovation,398876-001, 417066-001 , as well as specific parts of R & D, with an average annual investment 3.3 billion, in addition to the individual purchase of electric vehicles will also be various forms of subsidies. In March 2007, the National Development and Reform Commission published the “new energy vehicles access to the management of production rules (draft).” “Rules” to define the concept of new energy sources for motor vehicles: vehicles so-called new energy refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), a pure electric vehicle (BEV, including solar cars), electric vehicles to fuel cell (FCEV), other vehicles to new energy (such as the Super electric motor). December 18, the same year, the National Development and Reform Commission issued “adjustment of industrial structure to guide catalog (2007 version),” the new energy vehicles officially entered in the National Development and Reform Commission to encourage the catalog industry. Consumers buying new energy vehicles will be concessions in terms of taxation. In December 2008, the Ministry of Finance said that in the future purchase of new energy vehicles will direct financial subsidies to consumers and, through tax policy in the production and use of links to supporting new energy vehicle development, initially planned in 2012, the Financial Department will promote the use of new energy vehicles invested over 200 billion yuan, to stimulate the development of new vehicles and energy production.
Second, China is more urgent than any other country to promote new energy vehicles
In developed countries, development process, with the exception of only a small place, sony vgp-bps9 , rely on international tourism, international trade and exports resources to survive, the population density of more than 2,000 persons per square kilometer countries and regions, are the first car to enter a high degree of social service, then enter the ranks of developed countries. Population over 10 million, and primarily rely on economic development within the country, so far there is no country can ignore the auto company, access to developed countries. Because in developed countries, there is no such product can replace cars, as supplies of high value for the consumer to use their vast spending to boost the economies of operation and ensure employment. High consumption of recoverable oil reserves of the automobile have been reduced, energy has become the country most important for different powers, resources and the overall trend of rising oil prices was irreversible, the countries developed have to develop new energy vehicles as an important scientific and technological innovation strategy and social sustainable development strategy in the promotion in order to protect the current standard of living does not diminish.
The twenty-first century is an era of universal car great development. Every 20-25 years the number of vehicles will double up. The Chinese auto sales in China in 2009 and when including imported cars, minus exports of cars, more than 13.7 million euros. If the annual growth of 10% by 2020 the Chinese automobile market will reach over 3,900 million units per year, size, car ownership will be more than 250 million euros. Although the automotive market in 2020 after the magnitude of growth in 2030, pa3285u-1bas , car ownership in China will exceed 400 million euros. As the consumption of motor oil has doubled for 2040, if not most of the vehicles energy to replace fuel vehicles by the recoverable reserves of oil and production constraints, the minimum price for oil than 2008 high of 147 U.S. dollars a barrel, still up many.
Around the year 2049 China will enter the ranks of developed countries, when China will have 1.4 billion population, GDP per capita can reach over 2 million, if we do not limit the development of market automobiles, the most conservative estimate when China will have 600 million more cars, even if the full use of fuel efficient technologies, but also consumed a year of more than 2 billion tons of oil, when about 2 billion more than the cars in the world, at least more than 60 million tons of oil each year while the world is absolutely impossible to produce so much oil, in addition, a global non-renewable resources of oil threat extinction crisis, international politics, the military must compete for oil, which began in the world will step into the oil-led inflation is high.
Oil resources in China is a relatively poor country, thinkpad r52 battery , sky-high oil prices will also enjoy the fruits of economic development in China to cover the acquisition cost of imported oil, so that the achievements of China’s reform made . Is very likely that China’s lack of access to developed countries. Therefore, as soon as possible the development and popularization of new energy vehicles, the urgency of China than any other country should be more intense. Can be considered without taking into account the energy savings and reduce carbon emissions, development of the global economy is facing the depletion of oil resources in the bottleneck, which is in a society near future China is facing and solving problems.
We’re here to talk about new energy vehicles, does not say that hybrid cars, but rather refers to electric vehicles, because even if a high degree of hybrid vehicles, with an average fuel economy that there was Only about 45%, can apply for oil decreased with increasing car. Are currently the only electric vehicles in May, from time to burn oil or natural gas, power generation and can use solar, wind, hydro and other renewables, nuclear energy can also be used, not particularly short supply of coal. In addition to electric vehicles in large-scale popularization of the technology is not far, but also in fuel consumption than cars of great power.
Motor vehicles are millions of technical staff, one hundred years of accumulated numerous inventions and innovations result, alternative supply Hyundai Motor is extremely difficult, even if energy saving alternatives for reducing emissions of the new impetus for lot, but manufacturing costs are high, and energy - Pai is a matter of government, it is difficult to approval by the user money and votes,a1175 , a1185 , a1189 , then only a gradual small steps before. Small steps forward can be a first step in a low degree of hybrids, which is powered by the fuel through the low efficiency of the thermal efficiency of energy production, life of the battery Where necessary to conduct vehicle auxiliary. Therefore, hybrid cars may be regarded as an automotive fuel a transition to electric vehicle models. In addition, cars can not all be translated into electric vehicles, because of the excessive weight of batteries for heavy trucks, the cost of battery weight, heavy weight is not in power electric vehicles if the ‘current focus of work is expected to be steadily increasing existing fuel based on engine performance, primarily in ownership in the largest passenger vehicle in the electric car.
Third, China’s progress in research and development of new energy vehicles
New energy vehicles in China to date, is still greater than in developed countries, the state of backwardness, China in 2009, up hybrid car Toyota - Sales of the Prius sedan, more than any of Sales of hybrid vehicles in China several times the amount even higher and must therefore be a better strategy than in developed countries can be obtained beyond. Although the Chinese government and media have been propaganda is: cars and hybrid electric vehicles is not the gap between us and the developed countries. In fact, this gap is particularly important because the production of this year, Toyota hybrids will be one million or more, even now, domestic companies financed by China in the car low grade hybrid car does not d a true model for sale. As the national commitment to hybrid vehicles to a series of preferential policies, fpcbp121ap , fpcbp73ap , but also a large number of firms in developing hybrid cars, but they are in the middle of R & D stage, away from mass production R & D has still a long distance.
Another senior battery power supply in foreign countries have been selling toys on the market, mainly for children mounted on an electric car, but in my country such high battery power supply on the market does not always see, which makes China the production of large quantities degree of hybrid vehicles, battery encounter a bottleneck. While the media reported that many companies are investing in high-energy battery, but it is reported that: lithium iron phosphate is the motive power batteries ideal, but the lithium iron phosphate in our country have not yet used in computers, mobile phones, and no batteries for cars. Therefore, the point of view of the battery, the gap between us and the developed countries are also high.
Be useful in many provinces in the current approach of battery acid to make low-speed electric vehicle “, but also the fine United States, sounding name that is to seize the opportunities, but these cars with a low technology content, performance is very backward, speed and endurance is very low mileage (Forum Gallery) short, with its fuel vehicle replacement is not possible, but also increase congestion. This car electric cars to reach the mandatory national standards, it is not possible, but in some provincial and municipal leaders with the support of some provinces have 20-30 such companies, and production of small lots, which is Chinese characteristics. In the future development of electric vehicles using may be small, but China is already the largest electric vehicle producer and exporter, with a negative approach simply does not work, but most apply strictly the directory listing car, do not leave China a congestion worse serious, but also make the majority of small plants that do not quit.
Fourthly, from a low level of hybrid
Because hybrid cars are fuel for vehicles in electric vehicles from a transition model, it is preferable to use state subsidies to encourage policies and standards required in the technical, for a combination methods to accelerate the advancement of this transition. The method is based on incentive policies in force, with technical standards that require mandatory July 1, 2012 (reference date), all production cars must be low-grade hybrid cars, such as implementation Mandatory Kai engine stop device to reduce fuel consumption and congestion in downtown and the emission of harmful gases. The date of implementation of the hybrid car subsidies standard low abolished and modify hybrid electric vehicles and subsidies to encourage policy states that “in the lower hybrid cars” mandatory standards for the date of implementation . Vostro 1700 battery , The hybrid vehicles can greatly accelerate the development process. And so on, each time a mature energy-saving technologies can be used to promote mandatory technical standards, so that moderate hybrid vehicles, a high degree of car hybrid plug-in hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles can be greatly accelerated the date of implementation, although also need 20-30 years to achieve full, but in the view. Of course, hybrids for each implementation of mandatory technical standards and subsidies, incentives and not necessarily above several qualities such as low to moderate hybrid car electric hybrid vehicle in the middle classes may be 2-3, this condition is: as that savings in fuel technology, its costs are not too many conditions, mandatory technical standards can be promoted.
The reason given for this proposal are:
(A) the user is considered the least money to buy and use the car for maximum enjoyment, while the state considered energy efficient automobile emissions, reduce carbon emissions and meet the gradual depletion of oil in a strategic framework, based on market mechanisms is difficult to quickly make these two objectives to achieve unification.
(B) The large-scale production of hybrid products of the automobile, there must be a mass market can significantly reduce costs, using the market mechanism for the natural development of time too long will delay large scale on the market for the best opportunity to influence China’s economy beyond its limits.
(C) the only state-funded incentives will result in cancellation or shrink when the subsidies, there will be different degrees of market downturn, the global financial crisis and economic situation, many countries have experienced such situation, his country to reach beyond the development strategy type is very unfavorable.
(D) may be required technical standards, a number of hybrid car technologies, continuous superimposed on China-made cars through a gradual development, rather than asking the moon type of development, and finally realize the electric car, the general purpose of alternative fuel vehicles. This avoids the effect of technological change is too large, may lead to many technical force of the weak market for independent brands is shrinking. Because apart from a small number of SOEs car belonging to the majority of SOEs began in automotive research and development, and began to engage in own-brand products, sony vgp-bps2a , mainly in 2005 for the future. There are still a few state companies own product Auto car brand has not yet put into production. However, should also be increased pressure for companies to rapidly achieve the strategic goal of electric vehicles.
(5) National Science and Technology, as soon as possible in the light of technological developments, to develop from low to moderate degree hybrid cars hybrid 2-3 phase of mandatory technical standards and the date of implementation so that companies can be required to upgrade its technology.
(6) Over the years, the international price of cars is constantly increasing, and some prices have doubled every 30 years, plus inflation factors, the result is to improve vehicle performance, cost increased, but the fuel R & D efforts effective only in recent years more attention. Therefore need to use the policy - the mandatory technical standards to guide the general public technology development to achieve national strategic objectives.
Five pairs of subsidized high-energy battery cycling, to accelerate the development of industry high-energy battery
Pure electric vehicle is a simple battery as a power source for cars. Its energy is derived from the battery and electric motor and a motor control system for cars. Can serve as driving force for car batteries are lead-acid batteries, nickel metal hydride, lithium ion, nickel cadmium, nickel, zinc, etc., whose first three types of R & D application of the most widely used. In the future will be increasingly widespread use of electricity, electrical energy storage of the biggest disadvantage is that difficult, 40y6797 , but the issue of energy storage is today can be solved by . Because the next vehicle is clearly dominated by electric vehicles, using large scale cheap batteries with high energy can be universal, the future establishment of vehicle fast charging stations will need a larger battery to protect stability of the online distribution of electricity. Futur, solar power, wind energy, is necessary also great for batteries, and the future of the company is already in the era of widespread use of high-energy batteries. Accelerating the development of high-energy batteries will not only ensure that the enormous changes in vehicle dynamics, but also the urgent need for society as a whole.
China is the electric bike and four-wheelers electricity produced by the largest country in the production of electric bicycles in 2009 to more than 2.500 million units, it is regrettable that the batteries of high energy very little progress. It is primarily used lead-acid batteries, the problem of lead pollution in large, another is the weight of large, life is short, the mileage is short, can serve as a source of energy for vehicles electric. If the high-energy batteries for electric bikes have a higher financial subsidies, so that users are willing to buy electric bicycle is equipped with high-energy batteries for cars to reduce weight, increase mileage, extend life, will promote the R high energy battery & D and the rapid expansion of production capacity, the cost could decrease rapidly, subsidies will gradually reduce and eventually eliminate. When the battery of high-growth energy output on a larger scale, the cost will be significantly reduced, you can use the mandatory technical standards so that all car batteries with high energy battery for the future development of electric vehicles are a solid foundation. This is the advantage of electric bikes in China in the future of hybrid cars, the benefits of electric vehicles the only effective means to dream of a powerful vehicle for achieving the best choice, the problem is that the State departments concerned to consider seriously.
6, should attach great importance to the recovery and use of batteries
Since the battery of the future world is extremely important that it should also attach great importance to the recovery and use of batteries. Pose the greatest threat in the natural environment of several substances, the battery inside to contain mercury, lead, cadmium, manganese and other toxic heavy metals. Lead: the nervous system of the person, the digestive system, blood and reproductive functions are a great harm to many of excretion of lead after having once entered the body. Mercury: changing mental state of man is one of the main symptoms of mercury poisoning, which manifests itself in the firing rate, the vibration of muscles, mouth and digestive diseases. Fish contaminated with mercury, resulting in methylmercury poisoning, dizziness, peripheral limbs, numbness, memory problems, mental illness and even death. As the century occurred in the fifties in Japan shocked the world, the Minamata disease is caused by mercury pollution. Cadmium, manganese in the human body can easily cause chronic poisoning, the primary disease is emphysema, softening of bones, anemia, is likely to paralyze the body, mainly affecting the whole body function of the nervous system .
If the batteries mixed with household waste in the landfill, over time,btp-63d1 , leaching of heavy metals can contaminate groundwater and soil, then into fish, crops, destruction of the living environment of the man, an indirect threat to human health if a section on black Battery 1st in the soil can make 1 square meter of land permanent loss of use value, a pile of parts allows 600 tons of pollution of the water, drinking water is equivalent to the amount of his life. According to medical experts and environmental testing relevant if the battery is not a good job of recycling, pollution systematic current electric cars to be higher than the model of car gasoline on hundreds of times. Since the battery has a cycle of pollution, long hidden major features, its potential harm is very serious, improper handling can also cause secondary pollution. At present, everywhere, throw used batteries cause a worsening of irreversible pollution of heavy metals in soils. Such a point in cultivated land in China is limited due to pollution by heavy metals in May a significant decline in yield per hectare of grain and food in the poison. China will become a dumping ground for poisoning a poison and damage to our future generations.
In developed countries, approximately 50% of used batteries must be recycled through the creation of new social values. As the treatment of battery recycling is the environmental protection industry is a good thing benefits the country, many national governments must have the subsidies, as in Switzerland and Japan, each dealing with a ton of waste batteries A government grant business waste battery, about RMB 5000.
In 2009, the U. S. Department of Energy grant 95 million U.S. dollars heavily in basic automotive recycling of lithium batteries, and also supports recovery of a California company, to strengthen the capacity of lithium batteries. Turn to start this year, 2.4 billion U.S. dollars for the fund to stimulate and support the domestic production of U.S. automotive battery and development. Japan has sought to build a society based on recycling of the road in the area of recycling of waste batteries have been marching in the vanguard of the world, who from 1993 began to recall the batteries , batteries automotive lead-acid have been fully recovered now and have sophisticated processing method. The current 93% recycling of used batteries collected by the community and 7% of the collection factory battery (including battery plant waste time). Such as batteries lead acid, Japan could reach 100% recovery. Currently in Japan, there are five major lead smelters plants, three secondary smelters. In the battery recycling and reuse waste at the same time, and with ore markets international native file simultaneously, to increase the recovery rate. sony vgp-bpl11 , Recently, Nissan and Sumitomo Corporation plans a joint venture automobile recyclers of lithium batteries.
The experimental basis in Sweden, began to recover a small amount of lithium batteries, lithium carbonate extract can be used as an additive used in the construction industry. Germany First, a definition of legal obligations to recycle waste batteries subject to a fundamental solution to the disposal costs. GRS by a nonprofit organization strictly operate the entire system, and batteries used in the collection, transport is completed, a strict classification, disposal and recycling. The management of battery recycling waste has its own set of strict rules, while the government has asked consumers will run out of battery types must be sent to a store or recycling scrap metal, shops and recycling scrap batteries must be unconditionally accepted and sent to manufacturers for recycling. Pairs of toxic nickel-cadmium batteries and mercury to implement a deposit system, where consumers take the batteries to a buy a new battery, the price can be deducted from the deposit.
7, proposed for the recovery of premiums batteries
Firstly, improve relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible to increase recycling of used batteries to support industry efforts to
The laws and regulations, under the conditions of market economy to encourage companies to establish a system of reverse logistics, the most important and most effective power of external coercion.inspiron 1300 battery , The system of laws and regulations should be clear that producers, marketing firms and consumer responsibilities, obligations, rights and violations of laws and regulations will be subject to penalties for manufacturers to establish a responsibility system for enterprises